Citation:

V-3.  Verband der Automobilindustrie (VDA), VDA 239-100, “Sheet Steel for Cold Forming”.  

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Bend Testing

Tensile testing cannot be used to determine bendability, since these are different failure modes. Failure in bending

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Dual Phase

Dual Phase (DP) steels have a microstructure consisting of a ferritic matrix with martensitic islands as a hard

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Complex Phase

Complex Phase (CP) steels combine high strength with relatively high ductility.  The

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Ferrite-Bainite

Ferrite-Bainite (FB) steels are hot rolled steels typically found in applications

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