V-9

V-9. Verband Der Automotbilindustrie E.V. (VDA), VDA 239-500, “Sheet Steel for Hot Forming,” Draft material recommendation, 2019.

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Steel Grades AHSS 1stGen AHSS Testing and Characterization Press Hardened Steels Metallurgy 3rdGen AHSS

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Tensile testing cannot be used to determine bendability, since these are different failure modes. Failure in bending

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Introduction

Basis Nomenclature

Dual Phase (DP) steels have a microstructure consisting of a ferritic matrix with martensitic islands as a hard

Complex Phase (CP) steels combine high strength with relatively high ductility. The

Ferrite-Bainite (FB) steels are hot rolled steels typically found in applications