Citations:
A-32. American Iron and Steel Institute, “Steel Bumper Systems for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks,” Seventh Edition, June 2020.
Tensile Testing: Engineering Stress-Strain Curves vs. True Stress-Strain Curves
Tensile testing is one of the most basic formability characterization methods
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Resistance Spot Welding with Advanced High-Strength Steels: Cold Stamped and Hot Formed
The discussions relative to cold stamping are applicable to any forming operation occurring at room temperature
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